An analysis of Polish parliamentary questions shows that em-dashes cannot identify machine-written text, but subtle word frequencies shifted toward artificial intelligence profiles after 2023. Many observers assumed that long punctuation dashes would easily expose machine generated writing in any language. Instead, translation pipelines and local software insert shorter en-dashes, while the real footprint appears in the unconscious background distribution of conjunctions, prepositions, and particles.
Linguistics
Brains, behavior, language, learning, and the machinery of thought.